Doctor-Patient Relationships - COVID-19 Edition

 Welcome Back to Doctor-Patient relationships - a COVID-19  Edition!

It has been quite a while without new posts - while I do not have a simple understanding or explanation for the hiatus, I do notice that in the last few months, I have conducted several webinars on Self Care in the time of Covid-19!  

For Psychologists - sponsored by  PPA

For Family Medicine residents and faculty - sponsor: Family Medicine Dept.

For Veterinarians - sponsored by PMVA

I have no doubt that all other healthcare professionals have similar needs to these three groups.  And the need for self care has never been greater!  The emotional pain and toll that healthcare professionals have experienced is unprecedented.  

I have also recently written several papers for The Pennsylvania Psychologist about what psychologists have reported experiencing in this last year as well as a reflection looking back at how Covid-19 has impacted us personally and professionally (“Witnessing History”).  There have been many others writing about and discussing the challenges of healthcare of any kind - and one of the most helpful and significant (I think) is an interview of Christine Runyan, Ph.D. by Krista Tippett for the podcast “On Being” (https://onbeing.org/programs/christine-runyan-whats-happening-in-our-nervous-systems/).  I’d like to highlight some of what she said and add some of my own commentary:

We all read and hear about the pervasive nature of depression and anxiety among so many people during the past year, the increased demands for psychological services, and the increase in suicidal thinking and even deaths.  Dr. Runyan’s comments about the impact of Covid-19 are helpful because she explains what has been happening to us physiologically.  They are significant because if we do not understand why we feel like we start our days with less than a full tank of gas or feel like we are down a quart of oil (what are your metaphors?), it is human to wonder what’s wrong with me or why am I having such difficulty getting through the day!  

The physical and psychological toll that Covid-19 has taken is real, it compromises our capabilities, it has taken away our “go to” remedies of social and physical connections with family and friends, and according to Dr. Runyan, it has even compromised the connections between our mind and our body.  Every aspect of what we do and how we do it has been changed, our routines have been modified, so many parts of our personal and professional lives that we took for granted can no longer be assumed, and it feels like, in some ways, we really are starting over to recreate the lives we have been living.  

A stark reality is that our reactions have been normal responses to abnormal situations - Dr. Runyan correctly reminds us that we should not interpret these normal reactions as pathology.  Another stark reality is the we will not be returning to “the old normal.”  We have all changed - we will be searching to establish a new normal.  The adaptations we have made to manage our lives during a pandemic plus social upheaval plus political disruption will not all be temporary.  Compared to an ‘old normal,’ in the post-pandemic world, there will be more working from home - there will be more meetings conducted virtually - there will be more attention paid to health and safety precautions - there may be more geographic dislocations - and there may be many other changes or shifts in how we live and work and play yet to be seen.  And hopefully, there will also be more attention paid to self care, especially for those health care professionals who take care of others.

At the same time that I’m busy talking and writing about self care for others, I am also confronted by my own increased self care needs!  While beginning the preparation of the first of several webinars, my co-presenter sends to me a list of topics we might consider including.  This occurred pre-2020 election, and I was experiencing so much personal emotional disruption from the combination of my own sequestration (my garage door did not open for days at a time!), the maddening and increasingly extreme political environment and the surfacing of multiple racial divides.  It took several days plus a long email diatribe back to my co-presenter for me to be able to orient to the task at hand!  This response gave him permission and/or the example to unload the multiple frustrations he was experiencing as well.  We had never before seen these challenges or limitations before planning or organizing our combined efforts.  And then we realized that Covid-19 struck again.  We could not get back “in gear” until we realized how and why we were “out of gear.”  

Stay tuned for additional posts - I have lots of ideas and thoughts about so much that has had an impact on doctor-patient relationships, and I plan to share them with anyone who cares to read about them.

Finally, whether or not you were wondering, I have no personal or professional interests in recommending Dr. Runyan’s interview other than highlight information and resources that I believe are valuable.  We do know each other as respected colleagues who do and did similar work in Family Medicine residencies and beyond.  

I thought you really meant ‘How are you?’

You asked me “How are you doing?” 

I thought it was more than a social check-in.

Sensing something different than the usual

You seem interested, until …

And then, I’m not sure what happened

I could tell you tuned out

What did you detect?

Did you even realize something changed?

Did it sound like self pity?

Or was it something you couldn’t fix with a pill?

Did you just not have patience for more?

Or were you getting more than you wanted?

I heard it in your voice

It wasn’t what you said

It was a hesitation, a change in cadence, a different flow

I didn’t expect a lot in response - I don’t think.

I would have liked validation. 

Just stay with me for a moment; 

Nod, say 'Uh huh,' slow down for a second

You had lots of options

“I’m sorry” would have been enough

“I’m sorry you are burdened by that” would have let me know you heard

But … “Better than the alternative” was diminishing

And I could also say “Dismissing?”

I could feel the distance between us

As you backed away emotionally

I felt my own ‘leaving myself’

While I dismissed my own vulnerability.

“There is nothing else we can do for you!”

“There is nothing else we can do for you!”

In a plenary presented to the American Balint Society’s first National meeting (Estes Park, CO - 2014), Andrew Elder quoted from a presentation made by Ian McWhinney years earlier in 1998 at the 11th International Balint Congress in London to describe Balint’s radically different approach to improve medical communication:

“The implications of Balint’s ideas for medical education have not yet been addressed. We speak of adding skills and competencies, but not of teaching a new way of being a physician. The difference between these two ideas is fundamental: one is additive, the other transformative; one assumes that the status quo is adequate but incomplete, the other that the status quo is fundamentally flawed; one sees the solution in terms of additional tasks, the other in terms of a transformation that will affect everything the physician does.”

This state of medical education remains true today, almost 20 years later.  The bulk (maybe the whole) of medical education today is about amassing information about how the human body functions and all the ways that it malfunctions, along with all the remedies we have to correct those malfunctions, from pharmaceuticals to surgeries to alternative interventions.  However, every doctor knows medicine’s dirty little secret: that for some patients, doctors will come to the end of their knowledge to understand what is happening and will be at a loss to suggest remedies that will be effective.  Some doctors will continue doing what they know, despite the futility of these efforts.  It may be too painful to acknowledge their and medicine’s limits.  Some other doctors may say “There is nothing wrong with you physically” or “There is nothing we can do for you.” 

This model of medical education is “additive” in McWhinney’s words.  All that is needed is more knowledge about how the body works.  Think of a vertical axis, and the task for physicians is learning all that they can.  Medical culture does not acknowledge that there is a limit to what is known and what is knowable.  It also does not help doctors know what they can do for a patient when they get to that limit or even along the way to getting there.

McWhinney’s (and Elder’s and Balint’s) message is that there is another part of medical education that teaches doctors (and other medical professionals) what else they can do for their patients when they run out of answers or remedies.  Consider, for a moment, that there may be a horizontal axis - an axis that is measured not in any quantitative way, but rather in an emotional way.  This is not an axis of knowledge - it is an axis of our humanity.  It is an axis of our ability to emotionally connect with the emotional experience of our patients - to their vulnerability, and of course, this axis touches our own vulnerability.  

Maya Angelou captured the power of emotional connection: “I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.”  When we listen to and acknowledge our patients’ stories, we help them feel validated, less alone, understood and we even help them to better understand themselves.  This is different than trying to solve a medical puzzle with a set of differential diagnoses or the dilemma of which blood test to order or which technological advancement will unlock the mystery of my patient’s ailment.  It’s not multiple choice; there is no right answer.  This answer does not come from knowing - it comes from being, from feeling.

It so happens that the road to becoming a physician does not have many stops at the stations named Humanity or Feelings or Emotions.  Most physicians know and acknowledge they exist; however, stopping there is often seen as a delay at getting to their destination - a station named Differential Diagnosis and the eventual destination - Treatment.  Too many doctors function as if they are on an express train and have learned to not make every stop.

Being in a Balint group helps to unlock some of the keys to helping a patient heal - a distinctly human experience.  Too often the image of the patient in bed 2, room 615 does not connect with an image of that same person, as a functioning human being in their own world wearing civilian clothes rather than a hospital gown.  We only see that person in their bed!

What does Balint teach?  Getting to the doctor’s goal is not the whole picture.  Doctors have feelings too, and they may be part of the challenge in making a connection with this patient.  We all have blind spots, and sometimes colleagues can help us see them, if we are open enough.  And much more ...

There are other ways this horizontal axis can be taught.  There are a wide range of reflective practices that can be helpful.  Ron Epstein has researched and written about the impact of the ‘simple’ practice of mindfulness.  Narrative medicine helps doctors write out their own stories, and reading what they have written to colleagues releases emotions they were not aware they held.  Taking time to step away from the office and the hospital to reflect on ones experiences can add perspective to ones work and begin to help make a series of many discrete events have more meaning.  

The ultimate goal - the way health care can be the most effective for both the healers and the patients - is to learn to integrate both these vertical and the horizontal axes.  Not all patients are looking for deep connections - many just want to be fixed.  What’s the diagnosis and what’s the remedy!  However, it is the ones with chronic ailments or undifferentiated symptoms - often the most challenging patients to sit with - that most need the empathetic connection with their physician.  Healing is better accomplished when all the medical knowledge that is available is integrated with the caring, gentle hand of the healer who is comfortable addressing the emotional component of the illness experience.  Medical education needs Balint groups!  These aspects of healthcare are best taught in the protected environment of groups of colleagues where the humanity of the healers is also valued and given the opportunity to emerge.  There IS something else we can do for you!  We can listen, and, in a variation of Osler’s words, “…get to know the patient who has the symptoms.”

Observations from the Gurney:

Whether it is in a hospital or in a doctor’s office, there is a profound shift in the nature of an adult - adult relationship when one of the adults is a patient and the other adult is a physician!  Who waits for whom - always?  Who is lying down or sitting on an examination table (like a specimen) - always?  For the patient, it’s all about being wounded and feeling vulnerable.  It includes a feeling of less power, less control, emotional (as well as physical) vulnerability, uneven footing, and, at times, depersonalization.  While physicians may feel confident in their mastery of medical knowledge, they may encounter similar emotions in their challenges or worries about how to transfer that knowledge.  What is the best way to communicate or have a discussion with the patient and the patient’s family about what they know and what they don’t know?  Their own emotional roller coaster may include fear, uncertainty, discomfort and even anxiety, sadness and yes, at times, powerlessness.

The one part of this scenario that should not have to occur is depersonalization.  

I was recently hospitalized the night before my birthday, and discharged the day after my birthday.  On my first full day in the hospital, April 11, I can't count the number of times nurses, techs and other staff asked me my date of birth (while checking my wrist band) and before administering one service or another.  When I said April 11, there was no sign of recognition that today’s date is April 11 - today is this patient’s birthday!  They could have commented (if they noticed): “What a bummer!  You’re in the hospital on your birthday!”  To one of them, asking: "Date of birth?" I said: “Today,” and she looked at me strangely (it was not the automatic response she expected!), and it took a few moments to catch on.  It is evidence of how much of what goes on in the hospital is truly mindless.  Any type of mindlessness cannot be good for patient safety or for professional satisfaction.  What a lost opportunity to have the human connection every patient craves and each health care professional needs!  

Too often, patients become a number, a date of birth, a condition, a diagnosis or just the occupant in bed 74b.  I had more “human” conversations with the people transporting me throughout the hospital for one test after another than I did with most other hospital personnel.  

Gawande writes about becoming a Positive Deviant, and the first of his five suggestions is “Ask an unscripted question.”  A script helps to insure we are getting all the information we need; however, if it’s only the script we use, we are on automatic pilot and that’s not good for patient OR physician!  My take on this is that if the only things we know about a patient is their medical history and medical condition, we are not treating a person - we are treating a diagnosis, or a wound or an organ.  We might as well be back in medical school with our cadaver.  

Do you want your doctor to give you your test results 

standing or sitting?

  Did you ever have the experience of a physician in the hospital coming in to your (or a relative’s) room to give you results of a test?  I don't know if physicians realize it, but when the results are good, they come into our room, remain standing, tell us the result and leave right away.  When the results suggest a larger problem, they pull up a chair, sit down and say "The results from your (fill in the name of the test) are back and ..."

My physician sat down!  I knew immediately that the MRI showed it was more than a TIA.  I’m not sure where my mind went or my blood pressure or my emotions.  I’m not even sure if I heard everything she said next.  Of course, she stayed a while to talk about the new next tests that were ordered, etc.  Whose needs are being met when doctors decide to sit down vs. remaining standing?  How nice it would be if physicians sat down no matter what the results are.  Even with good results, they could talk with us and help us realize the extent and source of our relief and our fears.  Those are part of the patient’s reality as well.

One other thought / realization I have had while recuperating: diagnoses protect physicians from the emotion of the patient’s experience.  It is part of the labeling subculture - necessary for the treatment and billing part of our medical culture, but not sufficient for the caring and healing parts of the subculture we profess to be.  

Communication focussed on the diagnosis allows professionals, who are acting professionally, to stay in their head and to protect their heart and gut.  Even during the H & P, the questions are all about what happened and has it happened before, and there is less room for “That must have been scary!” or “You must have been wondering what was happening to you…”  

This lesson was highlighted for me recently when a 3rd year medical student - who is in one of my Balint groups - told and eventually wrote beautifully about a series of encounters with a patient on one of his first rotations to observe real patient care.  He commented that he really did not know how to do anything medical, so he just talked with this patient and listened.  The result in the course of just several days of sitting down and listening to his patient’s story was the development of a profound connection between a patient and a health care professional - a medical student who was not yet a doctor.  It seems we have it so backwards or upside down when the person with the fewest ‘medical’ tools in a medical system has the most time to sit and listen, while those with the most ‘medical’ tools have the least time to sit and listen!  

When was listening (not just hearing) considered outside the realm of medical tools?

  A crucial part of the patient’s healing comes with telling the story - sometimes more than once.  We do not have to be psychologists to ask what an experience was like or what remaining fears and worries patients have.  We can engage our humanity, validate their emotions, reassure them of our continued participation in their health and recuperation or readjustment journey and then take a deep breath knowing that we have met them where they are.  We don’t have to be brilliant - just human - and that in itself is healing (sometimes for us as well).

What is your doctor's Relationship Quotient?

Relationship Intelligence is NOT the same as 

Emotional Intelligence

What do I say to a patient who tells me about childhood memories of assault, or sexual abuse, or a traumatic experience?  

What do I say to (or do for) a patient who tells me about their (shameful) addiction to drugs, or alcohol, or pornography, or eating, etc.?

What do I say to a patient who reveals being in a cycle of abusive relationships?

To have or to be open to having an emotionally authentic conversation yet alone a relationship with any of these people is to open one’s heart to the human condition in ways that are out of the ordinary.  With any new person, we begin at a comfortable distance, and then when we hear their story, we have some automatic, reflexive reaction which may include adjusting that figurative or emotional distance (increasing or decreasing).  We may unconsciously erect some protective barrier, or we may possibly embrace the pain and woundedness in our presence.  We would like to think we can remain objective, non-judgmental, non-blaming and very self aware, but no matter how often we have heard these stories, it's difficult not to have some reaction.  What about our (unknown or unnamed) biases?  What attracts us to one individual?  What repels us from others?  Do we even know what’s happening inside ourselves when it is happening?

 What is it about some people that make them interesting to us?  What is it about some others that make it more difficult for us to connect with and be more understanding?

How do I ask questions that are on topics that may be very sensitive to ask and complex to delve into - like sexuality, drug and/or alcohol use, abuse experience?

How do I establish an agreement / contract with my patient about trust, safety, privacy, availability, shared responsibility?

    There is a significant body of literature supporting the primacy of the relationship between therapist and patient or physician and patient over the particular treatment method or approach of the professional.  Simply stated, the most important factor in patient care is the nature of the relationship between the doctor and the patient!  Technique is secondary.   Physician time spent establishing a relationship is never wasted time!  And yet, professionals will argue back and forth about the merits of different techniques or approaches, and they pay less attention to relationship building processes.  Research has measured the time it takes some physicians to interrupt a patient’s story in seconds!  Interruptions may get us to the core of the symptoms more quickly, but we bypass the patient in the process.

     As early as 1957, Michael Balint wrote about “… the doctor as drug,” suggesting that the physician’s impact on the patient can be akin to the impact (or side effect) of a pharmaceutical agent.   With pharmaceutical agents, the side effect is almost always negative.  Once in a while, a medicine is chosen because a known side effect is a desirable one for a particular patient.  If we think about “the doctor as drug,” it is an opportunity to have NO negative side effects.  In fact, the relationship that is developed can be a multiplier of the purely medical treatment regimin.  But this is dependent on the physician’s Relationship Intelligence or their Relationship Quotient!

So, a natural question to ask is what are the components of Relationship Intelligence and how does one develop such a skill?   It is clear that emotional intelligence is a necessary component - necessary, but not sufficient - especially in the form of listening to self and to others.  

Why is listening such a challenge?

     Emotion trumps Logic: I often think about a Maya Angelou quote: "I may not remember what you did for me, but I will always remember how you made me feel."  It is so ironic because so many physicians will first remember what they did for the patient and only when probed might recall the emotion in the encounter.  This is an example of how there can be such a dichotomy between the patient experience and the physician experience.   The patient may be sitting with emotionally and physically painful secrets they have never shared - until today.  The physician is prepared to ask a few diagnostic questions, chose among several medications they will prescribe and smoothly leave with encouragement and a plan for the next appointment.  Doctors are prepared to open the door to the examining room, but maybe not prepared to open the door to the patient's life.

 Listening as a billable code: Part of physician's training is to think about how to code this visit to justify billing the insurance company. It's not the first thing on the doctor's mind, 
but they are quick to know that this is a Level 2 or Level 3 visit, for example. They also need 
to be clear about documenting all of their findings in order to justify the medical diagnosis 
and the codes for treatments - especially procedures. Doing a procedure or sending a 
prescription to the patient's pharmacy feels like I'm doing something. "Just" listening does 
not feel like I'm doing something - no matter what the patient says.  

I wonder if we are teaching the subtleties of listening well enough!

     Emotional Arithmetic:  When we share good or exciting events in our lives with people who care, the joy gets multiplied.  When we share sad or bad events that we experience in our lives, the pain is divided.  Sharing our experiences is always a positive - primarily for the sharer.  Good things get better; sad or painful things get lessened by virtue of their being shared.  However, the experience is different depending on whether we are sharing or we are listening.  To fully listen and only listen is a gift!  It is like saying (silently): "Let me help carry that load."  And to fully listen is to acknowledge the story and to validate the emotions.

  

One challenge is to avoid several traps.  One is the trap of trying to fix it - it's in our DNA!  We are helpers, fixers.  We get some of our goodies by relieving pain and suffering.  It is easy to forget that really listening, uninterrupted, helps!  Another trap is to try to reframe it or put it in a more palatable context - another form of fixing it.  Another trap is sharing our marginally similar experience as a way of saying "I know how that feels." which we probably could never know.  It is a helpless feeling to "just" listen, yet it is such a gift!

     The Patient vs. The Schedule (all the other patients):  When the visit I thought would be routine becomes a drama, my schedule flashes before me and I think about all the other patients I will be seeing and to whom I will have to apologize for being so late.  It is so unfortunate that physician's schedules have to be so tightly booked that there is little time for even one drama to pop out and require adequate time.  it is unfair to patients as well as to doctors.  And the only remedy the way schedules are set up is to make everyone who follows a bit later than they planned or expected.  No wonder listening is so challenging.

     Balance Content with Process - Paying attention to what is said in addition to how it is said is crucial in understanding the complexities in what is being communicated.  Recognizing a patient’s reluctance or their anxiety or the tension with which they share information adds to the meaning that sharing may have; it may help to recognize or uncover additional layers of information crucial to understanding that patient 's story.  Sometimes, patients do not have the emotional vocabulary to fully express how they are feeling.  Sometimes, the best they can do is to demonstrate the anxiety by being anxious or the tension by showing us their tension.  It is our task to identify those emotions, to provide the emotional vocabulary.  It is another subtlety of listening.

The Role of the Physician in the Community?

This emphasis on relationship seems in marked contrast to current trends in health care which emphasize efficiency, cost containment and the bottom line, patient improvement as measured by laboratory test results, and patient satisfaction measured by a brief questionnaire.  In contrast to more highly valuing healing relationships, this emphasis on efficiency and patient (customer?) satisfaction is more of a focus on the business of medicine.   I have wondered how good the Press-Ganey scores would be for Shamanic healers.

Balint groups are such a reminder of what components are essential for developing relationships that can be healing.  Maybe Balint's impact is to help physicians develop better Relationship Intelligence which leads to better connections with patients and ultimately better care!  Part of the process may be revealing or uncovering blind spots.  Another way to think about this is that Balint group participation helps physicians to integrate their  professional role with their human role.  It helps us to listen to ourselves as well as to listen to our patients.  We both need to be acknowledged and to be validated!  

Measuring Balint Group Impact: A Proposal

I loved the idea of three levels of impact from Balint group participation that John Salinsky suggested in his keynote address to the 2nd ABS National meeting in July, 2016.  Sometimes, a participant is impacted profoundly - an aha phenomena or an epiphany - and other times, the impact is more subtle, more along the lines of support and validation, but no epiphany.  I just recently heard a Balint group member ask out loud “What part of me is she (the patient) touching?” and the group continued to discuss this for each of them who felt provoked.  I also heard one participant say “I just realized …”  and she went on to identify new awareness stimulated by the case and the group discussion.  These are examples of knowledge creation as I described it in a previous post.  One remaining challenge is to organize or systematize these ‘learnings.’  One place to begin is to review Salinsky’s levels that follow; can you discern distinct content areas within each level?  What descriptors would you use?

Bronze level

You receive all the benefits of the generic small group effects

You are a member of a group of really nice people doing the same difficult but often rewarding job as yourself

You have a safe protected space to talk about your work, your feelings, even your mistakes

You can get advice from colleagues

You feel that family medicine is not so bad after all

Silver level

You receive all the benefits above, and in addition:

You develop more interest in the patient as a person

You have more time to explore their life history

You have learned to be a better listener

You are more relaxed at work, with a greater tolerance (and more compassion, more patience) for difficult patients

You find work more satisfying, patients less persecutory

Your feelings are still ambushed by personally disturbing patients

 Gold level

You receive all the benefits of Levels 1 and 2, and in addition:

You are aware of projected patient feelings (countertransference)

You are willing to accept a share of painful feelings, helplessness, anger, irritation

You have developed greater self awareness. You recognize why some patients disturb you.

Maybe your clinical practice changes for the better. “As they became more accepting of themselves, they were more open to their patients.” (Gosling, 1996)

As I reviewed these descriptors provided by Salinsky and I recalled  themes that emerged from my own exploration of personal ‘aha’ moments, it seemed that one could separate out three different areas of content that register an impact from participation in a Balint group.  The next challenge is to describe distinctly different levels of impact in each of the three areas, I’m proposing we consider a grid such as the following:

                                           

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Self	Feeling support and validation	More aware of one’s emotions (sensitivity)	Aware of counter- transference (specificity)
Dr. - Pt. Relationship	Others have difficult patients	Appreciate patient complexity - get to know the whole patient	Discovery of reciprocal Dr. - Pt. reactions; limited but significant change
Dr. - Group  Relationship	Valuing safe, protected space to discuss patients	Value the role of the Balint group relationships to one’s practice	Healer vs. Doctor: Greater appreciation of the impact of this work

Table 1: Balint Impact Framework

Three content areas I am suggesting are:

the impact on the individual self, 

the impact on the doctor-patient relationship and finally, 

the impact of sharing my work with a group of colleagues.  

In each of the three content areas, the first level of impact is more externally focussed, the second level is more internal, and the third level is more interactional, relating the doctor to their group as well as to their patients.  Thanks for this observation goes to Kathy Knowlton, with whom I discussed this framework.  We had the benefit of some time together after presenting a full day Balint experiential workshop to about 20 participants at the American Group Psychotherapy Association meeting in NYC (along with Laurel Milberg and Eran Metzger).  

Fresh eyes and new ideas are at the core of Balint groups themselves as well as doctor-patient relationships.  Writing can also be part of this generative process!  As I read what I have written, I’m realizing that these three levels parallel my observations and description of steps in reflective practice which I wrote about previously:  (“A Guide to Introducing and Integrating Reflective Practices in Medical Education,” The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, Vol. 49 (1) 95-105, 2015)

See it to be it (recognize what is happening)

Name it to tame it (names allow us to talk about experiences)

Share it to Bear it (sharing troublesome events reduces the trouble)

Below is a table of examples that fit into these three levels of each of three content categories:

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Self	Feeling support and validation from colleagues	More willing to acknowledge painful feelings	Aware of counter-transference
	It’s a relief to talk about this patient	Become a better listener	Greater recognition of my emotional reactions to patients
		My feelings still get ambushed by disturbing patients	Greater self-awareness - Recognize why some patients disturb you.
Dr.-Pt. relationship	I’m not the only one who has difficulty with this type of patient	Develop more interest in the patient as a person	Changes in the Dr. lead to changes for the patient – more perspective
	Getting advice from colleagues - Hearing how colleagues handle these patients	Increased tolerance, compassion and patience for difficult patients	More accepting of myself and More openness to patients
		Appreciate the complexity in Dr.-Pt relationships	Recognize the type of patient that triggers my reactions
Dr-Group Relationship	Valuing safe and protected space to talk about work, patients, and concerns	Recognize the role of colleagues and the group process	Greater appreciation of my role as a healer
	Having an appreciation of primary care work	Increased satisfaction with work - less bothered by patients	Learn from the group’s parallel process and metaphors
	Moved and touched by the sense of community in the group	More relaxed at work	Self-compassion

Table 2: Balint Impact Examples

This chart takes the examples Salinsky listed and organizes and, in some areas, expands them into three distinct areas.  What is crucial in order for this chart to be useful is the need to delineate three distinct levels of impact so that the difference from one level to the next is a qualitative shift within the same general content area.  For example, some of the discoveries participants have about themselves as a result of these case discussions start with a sense of being less alone, and feeling validated and supported at one level.  At a second level, they may become aware of being a better listener and more aware of their own emotional experiences, and finally, at a third level, they may develop an awareness of how they react to certain patients and why.  I believe there is a similar progression in each of the other two content areas - doctor-patient relationships and the broader perspective of the physician’s role.

I believe that this or an amended version of this framework can be helpful to identify the knowledge creation that results from participation in Balint groups, and it can further delineate content areas as well as the level or depth of the impact.  I also wonder if it might be interesting to use this chart to organize the comments people make when given the opportunity to summarize their learnings or experience at the end of a Balint group’s contract or even after completing a Balint leader Intensive.   

The origin of my exploration was John Salinsky’s presentation of his musings about levels of impact.  His thinking emerged from returning to Michael and Enid Balint’s book, A Study Of Doctors, written along with Gosling and Hildebrand in 1966.  In this book, Michael Balint suggests that his seminars were not for just any G.P.!  And he developed a Mutual Selection Interview process to aid in identifying who would best benefit, AND to identify who might be disruptive and should be discouraged from attending.  

What if we had a system for screening residents or only required six (6) months participation and allowed it to be optional after that (as I believe some programs do)?  More on this to come!

What are your thoughts about the structure of this chart?  What is missing or what would you organize differently?  Let’s brain storm together!